3. Pengolahan Limbah Industri | Hydrocarbons | Polychlorinated ...

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Pengolahan Limbah Industri ‘Parameter Pengolahan’ Eko Heryadi

Parameter Pengolahan Limbah 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah Debit, Laju Timbulan atau Banyaknya Limbah Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan KOMITMEN LINGKUNGAN

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I. Jenis dan Karakteristik Limbah • Jenis Limbah  Limbah Cair, Padat atau Gas/ B3 • Karakteristik Limbah – Limbah Tidak Berbahaya – Limbah Berbahaya (B3)

Major Classes of Pollutant 1. Inorganic ions 1.1 Metals 1.2 Anions

2. Organic Pollutants 2.1 Hydrocarbons 2.2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBS) 2.3 polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDS) 2.4 polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFS) 2.5 polybrominated biphenyls (PBBS) 2.6 organochlorine insecticides 2.7 organophosphorous insecticides (OPS) 2.8 carbamate insecticides 2.9 pyrethroid insecticides 2.10 phenoxy herbicides (plant growth regulator herbicides) 2.11 anticoagulant rodenticides 2.12 detergents 2.13 chlorophenols

3. Organometallic compounds 4. Radioactive isotopes 5. Gaseous pollutants

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1. Inorganic Ions 1.1 Metals

• A metal is defined by chemists as being an element which has a characteristic lustrous appearance, is a good conductor of electricity and generally enters chemical reactions as positive ions or cations. • Walaupun logam dianggap sebagai pollutan, penting untuk diketahui bahwa mereka secara alami berada di alam sebagai ‘natural substances’. • Kebanyakan logam menjadi polutan karena aktivitas manusia, seperti tambang dan peleburan logam, dan menjadikannya sebagai polutan yang menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan

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1. Inorganic Ions 1.2 Anions

• There are some inorganic pollutants which are not particularly toxic, but which cause environmental problems because they are used in such large quantities. These include anions such as nitrates and phosphates.

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2. Organic Pollutant • The great majority of compounds that contain carbon are described as ‘organic’, the few exceptions being simple molecules such as CO2 and CO. • Carbon has the ability to enter into the formation of a bewildering diversity of complex organic compounds, many of which provide the basic fabric of living organisms. • The reason for this is the tendency of carbon atoms to form stable bonds with one another, thereby creating rings and extended chains. • Carbon can also form stable bonds with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms.

2. Organic Pollutant • The behavior of organic compounds is dependent upon their molecular structure— molecular size, molecular shape and the presence of functional groups being important determinants of metabolic fate and toxicity. Thus, it is important to know the formula of pollutants in order to understand or predict what happens to them in the living environment.

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2.1 Hydrocarbons • Senyawa ini terbentuk hanya dari elemen karbon dan hidrogen • Some hydrocarbons of low molecular weight (e.g. methane, ethane and ethylene) exist as gases at normal temperature and pressure. • However, the great majority of hydrocarbons are liquids or solids. They are of low polarity and, consequently, have low water solubility, but they have high solubility in oils and in most organic solvents.

2.1 Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are divisible into two classes: (i) alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and (ii) aromatic hydrocarbons • The distinguishing feature of aromatic hydrocarbons is the presence of one or more benzene rings in their structure.

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2.2 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) • Polychlorinated biphenyls are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl, which is a molecule composed of two benzene rings. The chemical formula for PCBs is C12H10-xClx • They are stable, unreactive viscous liquids of low volatility which have been used as hydraulic fluids, coolant— insulation fluids in transformers and plasticizers in paints • There are altogether 209 possible PCB congeners, and some 120 of these are present in commercial products such as Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1260 and Clophen A60. • PCB mixtures have very low solubility in water but high solubility in oils and organic solvents of low polarity

2.2 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS)

• PCBs were once used for a number of purposes— as dielectric fluids, heat transformer fluids, lubricants, vacuum pump fluids, as plasticizers (e.g. in paints) and for making carbonless copy paper. • In many countries, the use of PCBs is now banned or severely restricted.

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2.3 POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS (PCDDS) dan POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS (PCDFS)

• PCDDs and PCDFs are not produced commercially, but are unwanted by-products generated during the synthesis of other compounds. They are also formed during the combustion of PCBs (fires or chemical waste disposal) and by the interaction of chlorophenols during disposal of industrial wastes. • In general, they are formed when chlorophenols interact

2.5 POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS (PBBS) • Mixtures of polybrominated biphenyls have been marketed as fire retardants • These mixtures bear a general resemblance to PCB mixtures and are lipophilic, stable and unreactive. • As with PCBs, some congeners are very persistent in living organisms and have long biological half-lives.

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2.6 ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES • Ada 3 jenis : – DDT – chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin dan dieldrin) – Hexachlorocyclohexanes (lindane)

2.7 ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES (OPS) • Awal digunakannya pada PDII, sebagai gas syaraf (neurotoksin) • Sifatnya menghambat enzim acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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2.8 CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES

• Mirip seperti OPS • Kegunaannya utk mengendalikan hama siput, moluska, dan nematoda

2.9 PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES • Naturally occurring pyrethrin insecticides which are found in the flowering heads of Chrysanthemum spp. provided the model for the development of synthetic pyrethroids. • Synthetic pyrethroids are, in general, more stable chemically and biochemically than are natural pyrethrins

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2.10 PHENOXY HERBICIDES (PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR HERBICIDES) • Sifatnya menghambat dan mengatur pertumbuhan tanaman • Kebanyakan dari phenoxy herbisida ini biodegradable dan tidak begitu kuat keberadaannya pada organisme hidup atau di dalam tanah

2.11 ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES

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2.12 DETERGENTS

2.13 CHLOROPHENOLS

• Banyak ditemukan pada limbah pabrik pulp dan kertas • Digunakan sebagai agen pemutih kertas • Hasil pembakarannya akan menghasilkan agen ‘dioxin’

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3. Organometallic compounds • Metals are modified in this way to increase their toxicity for use as pesticides • Organomercury compounds digunakan sebagai antijamur pada benih tanaman • Organolead compounds digunakan untuk mengontrol ulat pada tanaman buah • Organotin compounds atau tributyl tin digunakan sebagai campuran cat antijamur pada kapal/ perahu

4. Radioactive isotopes • Inti Radioaktif : Unsur inti atom yg mempunyai sifat memancarkan salah satu partikel alfa, beta atau gamma.

Sejarah : - 1896 Becquerel : Senyawa uranium yg memancarkan sinar tampak yg dpt menembus bahan yg tdk tembus cahaya serta mempengaruhi emulsi fotografi. - 1896 Marie Curie : Bahwa inti uranium memancarkan suatu partikel.

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5. Gaseous pollutants • Ozone (O3), COx, NOx, SOx • Berbahaya karena dapat bereaksi secara langsung dan tidak langsung di udara • Secara tidak langsung melalui reaksi fotolitik di atmosfer (ex. Acid rain)

II. Debit, Laju Timbulan atau Banyaknya Limbah • Debit  Limbah Cair • Timbulan Limbah  Limbah Padat/ Gas

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III. Lokasi Industri Penghasil Limbah • Lokasi Industri – Daerah sekitar Industri • Kebijakan daerah setempat

– Kawasan Perairan – Ada tidaknya IPAL

IV. Cost / Biaya Investasi Perusahaan 1. Kebijakan perusahaan dan manajemen

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V. KOMITMEN LINGKUNGAN Kendala Utama • SDM yang belum memadai • Pengawasan yang Lemah • Belum kesiapan para Perusahaan dalam pengolahan Limbah • Ketidaktahuan masyarakat akan bahaya limbah • Birokrasi yang rumit

Sekian dan Terima Kasih

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