DotNet Notes | Microsoft Visual Studio | Integer (Computer Science)

Visual Studio 6.0 --------------------1. visual Basic 2. visual c++ 3. visual Foxpro 4. visual Interdev(html and asp applications) vb, vb+ used for developing windows applications or client/server applications. Using .NET we can develop language independent and platform Independent applications visual studio.Net (or) vs.NET -----------------------------------Flavours of vs.NET 1. visual Basic.NET visual Basic 2. visual c#.NET c# 3. visual c++.NET c++ 4. vi visual Js Jscript.NET Jscript 5. visual J# J# Microsoft c# is a new programming programming language designed for building a wide range of enterprise applications that run on the NET Framework. c# is simple, moder modern, n, type type safe, safe, and and objec objectt orient oriented. ed. .Net .Net is a fram framew ework ork for develo developin ping g enterpr enterprise ise distribu distributed ted applicat applications ions.. Microso Microsoft.N ft.Net et is a software software develop developmen mentt platform based on virtual machine based architecture. Net is designed to support programming programming language independent independent application application development. development. The entire .net programs are independent of any particular o/s and physical hardware machine. The core component is a abstraction abstraction of execution environment and manages the overall execution of any of the .net based programs

.Net Framework .Net Framework provides simplified application development environment to create distributed applications for the web. Objectives: 1. Provides a consistence Object Oriented Programming environment that allows code to be stored and executed irrespective of where the code is stored or from where it is executed. 2. To minimize minimize software software deployment deployment procedures procedures and and versioning versioning conflicts. conflicts. 3. To ensure ensure safe executi execution on of code irresp irrespecti ective ve of who develope developed d it (third party code) 4. Deve Develop lop widely widely vary varying ing types types of appli applica catio tions ns such as wind window ow based based,, console based and web based applications. 5. To ensure the code based on the .Net Framework can integrate with any other code irrespective of where it was developed.

.NET Framework has two main components. 1. Common Language Runtime. 2. .Net Framework Class Library. Common Language Runtime (CLR) Once you have written you source code, you run it through the corresponding compiler and the compiler produces an Assembly. Assembly is a file that contains Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) and Metadata. MSIL is an intermediate language that is CPU-Independent. At Runtime the CLR compiles the MSIL code into native CPU code. If the application is running on Pentium Machine, the CLR produces native “x86” code. If the machine is with Itanium processor, the CLR produces native “I464” code. FEATURES OF CLR: a)  Automatic memory management: The runtime automatically handles object layout & manages references to objects, Releasing them when they are no longer being used. •

•

This automatic memory management resolves the two most common application errors; i. Memory leaks ii. Invalid memory references. b) c) d) e)

Thread Execution Code safety Verification Compilation & Some other system services.

These features are essential to the managed code that runs on the CLR.  Architecture VB Source Code

VB Com iler 

Assembly (file) MSIL

VC++ Source

VC++ Com iler 

metadata

Linker 

Assembly (file) MSIL

metadata

Class Library

EXE/DLL

Gets Executed Under CLR  JIT

Managed Code: Code that targets the runtime is called managed code; it benefits from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security etc. Unmanaged Code: Code that does not target the runtime is called unmanaged code.

MSIL When compiling to managed code, the compiler translates your source code into Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL), which is a CPU-independent set of  instructions that can be efficiently converted to native code. MSIL includes instructions for loading, storing, initializing, and calling methods on objects, as well as instructions for arithmetic and logical operations, control flow, direct memory access, exception handling, and other operations. Metadata: Metadata is a set of tables that are embedded in the assembly file. These tables are produced by the compiler and contain a great deal of information about the application. It has tables that describe all of the types, methods and fields that were defined by the application’s source code. In addition metadata also includes tables that are referenced by the methods in the application’s source code. Metadata describes the types in your code, including the definition of each type, the signatures of each type's members, the members that your code references, and other data that the runtime uses at execution time. The MSIL and metadata are contained in a portable executable (PE) file that is based on and extends the published Microsoft PE and Common Object File Format (COFF) used historically for executable content. Just in Time Compiler (JIT) The managed code is never interpreted by the CLR. A feature called just-in-time compiling enables all managed code to run in the native machine language of the current system. Before code can be executed, MSIL must be converted to CPU-specific code, usually by a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Because the common language runtime supplies one or more JIT compilers for each computer architecture it supports, the same set of MSIL can be JIT-compiled and executed on any supported architecture.

Namespace The .NET Framework class library is comprised of namespaces. Each namespace contains types that you can use in your program: classes, structures, enumerations, delegates, and interfaces. Namespaces allow for the logical grouping of related files. Many compilers will offer mechanism to reduce programmer’s typing. VB.Net exposes this mechanism via the “Imports” statement. e.g. to include namespaces in our vb applications. Imports System Imports System.Collections Imports System.IO Class Library The class library is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that tightly integrated with CLR. From these reusable types, managed code can derive functionality. These collection of reusable types, we can use to applications ranging from Traditional command line (or) GUI applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET such as Webforms & XML Web services. Our own collection of classes will also be mixed or joined seamlessly with the classes in the .Net framework. It also supports for some specialized tasks. e.g. You can use the .Net framework to develop Console applications Scripted or hosted applications Windows GUI (Windows) applications ASP.Net applications XML web services • • • • •

Dot Net Languages :-  COBOL, Jscript .NET, Eiffel, Haskell / Mondrian, Pascal, ML, APL, Alice

C, Visual C++, Visual Basic, Visual C#, Smalltalk, Oberon, Scheme, Mercury, Python

Sl. No.

Category

Class

Description

Visual Basic

Name

data type

1

Byte

An 8-bit unsigned Integer

Byte

2

Int 16

A 16-bit Signed Integer

Short

Int 32

A 32-bit Signed Integer

Integer  

4

Int 64

A 64-bit Signed Integer

Long

5

Single

3

6 7

Integer 

Floating Point Logical

8

Double Boolean

A Single-Precision (32-bit) floating point number  A Double-Precision (64-bit) floating point number. A Boolean Value (True or  False)

Single Double Boolean

Char

A Unicode (16-bit) Character.

Char  

9

Decimal

A 96-bit decimal value

Decimal

10

Object

Other 

11

Class Objects

String

The root of the object hierarchy An Immutable fixed-length string of Unicode characters.

Object String

Type

Range

Size

sbyte

-128 to 127

Signed 8-bit integer

byte

0 to 255

Unsigned 8bit integer

char

U+0000 to U+ffff

Unicode 16bit character

short

-32,768 to 32,767

Signed 16-bit integer

ushort 0 to 65,535

Unsigned 16bit integer

int

-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647

Signed 32-bit integer

uint

0 to 4,294,967,295

Unsigned 32-

bit integer long

-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

Signed 64-bit integer

ulong

0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615

Unsigned 64bit integer

Type

Approximate range

Precision

float

±1.5e−45 to ±3.4e38

7 digits

double

±5.0e−324 to ±1.7e308

15-16 digits

Type

Approximate Range

decimal ±1.0 × 10−28 to ±7.9 × 1028

Precision

.NET Framework type

28-29 significant digits

System.Decimal

Variables of reference types, referred to as objects, store references to the actual data. This section introduces the following keywords used to de clare reference types: •

class

•

interface

•

delegate

This section also introduces the following built-in reference types: •

object

•

string