Makalah Sejarah Pemikiran Ekonomi Redi | Preposition And ...

MAKALAH SEJARAH PEMIKIRAN EKONOMI KEYNES

Di susun oleh: Kelompok :6 Materi no:8 (sejarah pemikiran ekonomi Keynes) Vivian chaniago Dini hartini Redi Abdur rohman

PROGRAM STUDI EKONOMI UNIVEERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI

English Paper Article proposition

DI SUSUN OLEH : KELOMPOK 9 MATERI NO 9 (ARTICLE PROPOSTION) EER TAUFIK REDI

PROGRAM STUDI EKONOMI UNIVERSITAS INDRAPRASTA PGRI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ............................................................................................................ .......... Table of Contens ........................................................................................................ CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................. A. Background............................................................................................... ........ B. Problem formulation........................................................................................... C. Purpose .................................................................................................... ........ CHAPTER II DISCUSSION................................................................................... A. Preposition................................................................................................. ........ B. Type of preposition............................................................................................ C. Use of the preposition phrase in the sentence...................................................... D. Meaning categori................................................................................................ E. Preposition with multiple meanings...................................................................... F. Prepositions that are often confused.................................................................... G. More preposition............................................................................................... CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................................ A. ..

CONCLUSSION...........................................................................................

Daftar Pustaka.............................................................................................................

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A.

Background

In the United Kingdom, a preposition (the future of) the nickname of small words. Seen glimpses of prepositions is just short words are not important, but in fact has a very important function. Preposition is always followed by a noun (noun) or pronoun (pronoun). A preposition is a word that suggests a liaison relationship between the noun that follows him and one of the basic elements of a sentence, that is subject, verb, object or complement. A noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is the object of a preposition. Pronouns used in this position is always an object pronoun, like me, you, him, her, it, us and them. Prepositions plus object called a preposition phrase (prepositional phrase). B. Problem formulation

Based on the background of these problems then we formulate the contents of the paper are as follows: -

Identify the sense of Preposition

-

Identify the types of preposition

-

Identify ways to use

C. Purpose

Studying and understanding this paper materials namely about preposition then expected we can understand the sense, different types, and how to use it. As for any other purpose the preparation of this paper was to fulfill the course Structure.

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION A. Prepositions

Prepositions have been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually quite short and signification looking, but they have very important functions. Take a look at these sentence and notice how completely different the meaning of each sentence is A letter was sent to peter A letter was sent for peter A letter was sent by peter A letter was sent from peter Only the prepositions change, but that is enough to change the meaning entirely. Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its object is called the prepositional phrase. B. Type of Preposition

A preposition can be classified into 6 types : 1. Simple preposition The most commonly used simple preposition are : after, at, by, for, from, of, over, or in, through to, until, under, up, with, etc. Example : I saw him on Friday 2. Double preposition The most commonly used double preposition are : into, on, to, from, under, from among, from off, from within, over again, etc Example : The boys gets into bed

3. Compound preposition A compound preposition is a preposition witch is formed from noun, adjective or adverb and it is combined with preposition “be” (by) or “a” (on). Example : He sits beside me 4. Participial preposition The most commonly used participial preposition are : during, not withstanding, past, expect, save, considering, touching, concerning, regarding, and owing to. Example : It is quarter past one. 5. Phrase preposition The most commonly used preposition phrase / phrase preposition are : Because of, by means of, by reasons, in spite of. Example : Ahmad doesn’t enter the class because of this illness. 6. Disquised preposition. A disguised preposition is shown in such words below : Behind → “be” : by hind = behind Across → “on” : “a” on cross = a cross Example : He has gone for hunting C. Use of the prepositional phrase in the sentence

Many prepositional phrase seem adverbial in meaning, in that they often indicate time, place, manner, or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same prepositonal phrase may be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. -

The delegates went for a swim before breakfast. (Adverb)

-

A swim before breakfast is better than one after dinner. (Adjective)

-

Before breakfast is a good time to swim. (Noun)

Prepositional phrases used as adverbs usually follow the verb, though like adverbs, they can be moved to other prepositions in the sentence. Prepositional phrases used as adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify. Prepositional phrases used as nouns will be subject, object, or complement in the sentence. D. Meaning categories

The following list illustrate the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of information. 1.

Place, position

Example : Across her house is across the street -

After the first street after the bridge is state street

-

Against his by cycle was leaning against the fence

-

Among the letter might be among those papers

-

Around the shop is just around the corner

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At he used to be a student at a north American university

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Before I have your letter before me now

-

Behind the garage is behind the house

-

Below they live in apartment below ours

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Between his shop is between the bank and the post office

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That house by the lake is my dream house

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In she was dozing in an armchair when we got there

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In front of the ball stopped in front of the bus

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Inside come in. It is warmer inside the house

-

Near you shouldn't smoke near gasoline

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On he found the book on the table

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On top of I want whipped cream on the top of my strawberries

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Opposite the school is opposite the church

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Outside there's bird's nest outside my window

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Over the window is over the radiator

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To attach the rope to the bumper of the car

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Under the book was under the desk

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Underneath the book is underneath the papers

2.

Direction

Example : Across I am going across the street to see my cousin -

At the children threw stone at the bear

-

By way of can't we drive to new york by way of Philadelphia?

-

Down we saw her walking down fifth avenue

-

Into I saw her going into the theater a few minutes ago

-

Out of he took some money out of his pocket

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To she went to the grocery store

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Through the bird flew through the open window

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Toward this road leads toward the sea

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Up the salmon were swimming up the river

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Upon the birds was perched upon his shoulder

3. Time Example : About I think she will be away about a week -

After would you please call after eight

-

Around I get to my office around nine every morning

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At I told her to meet us at six o'clock sharp

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Before take the medicine before the mealtime

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By she should be back by seven at the latest

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During the winter, I think I'll go to Florida

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From...to the office will be open from nine to one every day

-

From...until she works from eight until two six days a week

-

In I'll meet you in an hour

4. Purpose, reason Example :

-

For take this medicine for your headache

5. Possession Example : Of the leader of the scout has not arrived yet 6. Manner, instrument Example : By I enjoy going there by train -

In you can't go to that restaurant in jeans

-

Like that clown walk like a duck

-

With she writes with a pen

7. Identification Example : At the shop at the corner sells stamps -

By that book by Hemingway is a masterpiece

-

In the man in the dark suit is my neighbor

-

On the apartment on the second floor is smaller than ours

-

With people with law degrees often go into politics

8. Distance Example : For we walked for miles and miles 9. Agent Example : By this film was directed by a Czech director 10. Material Example : With I must fill my pen with ink 11. Quantity Example : By meat is sold by the pound or by kilo

E. Prepositions with multiple meanings

Some prepositions are used to express a variety of meanings. These may be present difficulties. Some of the common prepositions with their various meaning and their most common used are summarized as follows for references purposes. 1. Around "At approximately" The police believe the man died around six o'clock -

The temperature has been around 32 celcius degrees all day

"In the vincinity of" -

People have reported seeing a stranger around the store"

2. At With a street address if the house number given She lives at 18 Magnolia Street -

With points in time

-

He arrived at 08.00

-

Those farmers stop working at sunset

With prices -

They are on sale at two dollars a dozen

-

I cannot afford to buy them at that price

3. By "Alone" (with a reflexive pronoun) He lives by himself -

She did the homework by herself

"Past" (with verbs of motion) -

I always walk by that house on my way to work

-

Several ways buses go by our house

"At the latest" (with a maximum time limit) -

He will be here by five o'clock

-

All classes will be over by June.

4. For To indicate the duration of time She played the piano for two years -

They lived in Washington for two years

"In exchange for" -

He rented the house for very little money

-

I bought this book for two dollars

With the beneficiary of an action -

Shall I open the window for you?

-

He baked a cake for me

"Instead of," "in place of" -

When he was away, his neighbor did the work for him

-

With the subject of an infinitive

-

It is important for them to arrive early

-

For him to go to a party is unusual

5. In With cities, states, countries, continents He lives in Cairo -

That river is in California

-

Rice is grown in Thailand

With periods of time -

I saw him in January

-

The mail comes in the morning

With lengths of time -

He will come in an hour

-

He finished that book in one evening

With languages

-

That opera was originally written in Italian

6. On To indicate contact with a surface The book is on the table -

The picture is on the wall

-

There is a light on the ceiling

With days of the week and dates -

Summer begins on June 21

-

We do not have classes on Sundays

With the name of a street -

I live on McKinley street

-

She is visiting a friend on Magnolia Street

7. With To indicate association She is with a consulting firm -

I will stay with the car while you go for help

8. Without To indicate the absence of something Nothing can live without water -

I am without money today and cannot buy the tickets

F. Prepositions that are often confused

In, on, and at discussed previously, are probably the most often confused nglish prepositions. Following are some others. 1. Above, over Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain point. The temperature is well above freezing -

He held an umbrella over his head

Over also means "more than" and "in the course of" a period af time

-

He is over eighty years old

-

Over the years, he has proven to be a true friend

2. Below,under Below refers to a place lower than the a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a certain point That valley is below sea level -

His shoes are under the bed

Under also means "less than" and "under the supervision of" -

The children in this class are under six years of age

-

She works under the managing editor

3. Beneath, underneath Beneath and underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a position lower than a given point. When the meaning diverge, underneath conveys more specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath with under and beneath with below. Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found -

The official does not consider it beneath him to type his own letters

-

The shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet

4. To, toward To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means "in the general direction of". We walked to the station. -

All mosque face toward Mecca.

5. Beside,besides Beside means "next to". Besides means "in addition to". He is sitting beside his brother. -

Two others won prizes besides us.

6. In,into In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or metaphorical) from one place or sate to another. The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool.

-

The patient is in coma. The patient slipped into a coma.

7. Past, beyond Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by certain point. Beyond refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point. The car went past the monument at 10.00. -

He lives beyond the post office.

-

His generosity is beyond belief.

three or more persons or things. I want put the table between those two windows. -

I found you letter among my school papers.

9. Through, throughout Through refers to motion first into then out of something. Throughout used with something that is distributed in every part of something. Let's walk through the park. -

The news spread throughout the country.

G. More preposition

Now, we will dealt with some of the most troublesome prepositions in English. The ones in this lesson are, on the whole, more straightforward in meaning and perhaps less susceptible to varying usage, in spite of their sometimes more complex structure. Here is a list for reference. 1. According to According to is used to cite an authority or source of information. According to the latest census, Houston, has more than a million inhabitants. -

According to the critics, the play is excellent.

2. Against Against means "in opposite to" Salmon swim upstream, against the current. -

National fight wars against other nations that threaten them.

3. As far as As far as is used to indicate a limit reached in the course of an activity. We walked as far as the park before we got tired.

-

He threw the ball as far as the fence.

4. Before,after Before means "earlier than the time of" after means "later than the time of". He studied before an examination. -

He relaxes after work every day.

5. Despite, in spite of Despite, like in spite of, has the meaning of "without regard to". It is often used in the expression despite the fact that. -

They are playing football despite the rain.

-

They are playing despite the fact that it is raining.

-

She came to school today in spite of the doctor's warnings.

6. During During relates an activity to a specific period of time. The activity may be constant or intermittenent. My cousin lived in St.Louis during the most of her childhood -

We ate hot dogs and drink soda during the football game.

7. Inside Inside means that something is contained by a limit or boundary. -

The paper is inside the drawer.

-

You will find your gift inside thet box.

8. Like,unlike Like means "similar to". Unlike means "different from". -

His mind is like an adding machine.

-

The film is unlike the book.

Just like means "exactly the same as". -

You look just like your brother.

9. Near Near means "not far away from".

-

The bank is near the post office.

-

Her car is parked near the school.

10. Off Off shows that something is removed from contact or connection with a place it occupied before. He took the book off the shelf. -

I lost a button off my coat.

11. Opposite Opposite means "directly across from". The site opposite me in the cafetaria every day. -

There is a new building opposite our house.

12. Until Until indicates the continuation of an action or a step up to a specified point. I will wait for you until five o'clock. -

He lived there until his marriage.

13.Upon Upon means "on top of" or "as a result of". -

They placed a crown upon Caesar's head.

-

Upon hearing that he was in town, I telephoned him.

Upon is also used with depend and verbs of similar meaning ( rely, count ). -

You can depand upon my promises

-

He caannot be relied upon.

On may replaced upon in all of these. -

On is somewhat less than upon.

14. Within Within indicates that something is inside described limits. The mail will arrive within an hour. -

That decision is not within my area of authority; it is beyond my jurisdiction.

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION A. Conclusion

A preposition is classified as a part of speech in grammar. It denotes the relationship to some other words in a sentence with are placed before a noun or a pronoun. Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence. Prepositional phrase usually provide information asked for by the question words who, what, where, when, why, how, and how long The noun or pronoun following the preposition is its object. A pronoun used in this preposition is always an object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. The prepositions plus its object is called the prepositional phrase.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ahmad, Izzam, Try May Hadi. 2007. Basic English Grammer. Jakarta : Azar, Betty Achrampfer. 2000. Understanding and Using Grammer. Jakarta : Bina Rupa Aksara Macmillan, Collier. 1972. English 900. London : English Language Services, Inc Swijin, Drs. 2007. Perfect English Grammer. Bandung : CV Yrama Widya www.yrama-widya.co.id 20 November 2013, makalah preposition