Prevalensi Penyakit Anjing Di Bangladesh | Public Health | Infection

Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(2) : 163 – 174

PREVALENCE OF CLINICAL DISEASES OF PET DOGS AND RISK PERCEPTION OF ZOONOTIC INFECTION BY DOG OWNERS IN BANGLADESH M. Tarafder and M. A. Samad Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh2202, Bangladesh ABSTRACT A case control study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of clinical diseases and/or clinical conditions of 3670 sick pet dogs presented to the Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka during the one year period from January to December 2009. A total of 57 types of diseases and conditions in 17 categories were recorded in these pet dogs and their variation in prevalence were analyzed on the basis of age, gender, season and breeds of dogs. The prevalent diseases and/or conditions from low to high rates included glaucoma (0.05%), babesiosis ( 0.08%), sinusitis (0.08%), tetanus (0.08%), spaying (0.14%), nail injury (0.19%), nephritis (0.19%), cataract (0.25%), metritis (0.25%), poisoning (0.33%), orchitis (0.35%), rabies (0.35%), pus in antrum (0.41%), purulent cough (0.46%), alopecia (0.52%), pharyngitis (0.52%), transmissible venereal tumor (0.54%), cystitis (0.52%) phimosis (0.52%), paraphimosis (0.60%), stomatitis (0.63%), pneumonia (0.63%), mastitis (0.71%), otitis (0.73%), taeniasis (0.74%), abscess (0.82%), anal gland disease (0.82%), dystocia (0.84%), conjunctivitis (0.90%), lice infestation (0.90%), lameness (0.95%), ottorrhea (1.06%), uterine prolapse (1.31%), posthitis (1.31%), dental disorders (1.34%), metabolic diseases (1.36%), protrusion of eye ball (1.44%), canine distemper (1.61%), liver disease (1.72%), nutritional deficiency diseases (1.77%), infertility (1.80%), coccidiosis (1.93%), toxocariasis (1.93%), urinary tract infection (2.10%), accidental wounds (2.32%), haematuria (2.34%), bronchitis (2.81%), arthritis (2.94%), dermatomycosis (3.30%), aspiration pneumonia (3.32%), mange (3.76%), echinococcosis (3.92%), dermatitis (4.99%), diarrhea (5.21%), ancylolostomiasis (6.20%), flea infestation (9.84%) and tick infestation (11.88%). Age-wise overall prevalence of clinical diseases revealed significantly (p 36 months

Total

No. (%)

No. (%)

No. (%)

No. (%)

67 (1.83) 06 (0.16) 13 (0.35) 00 (0.00) 22 (0.60) 04 (0.11) 112 (3.05) 17 (0.46) 00 (0.00) 04 (0.11) 09 (0.25) 00 (0.00) 30 (0.82) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 03 (0.08) 00 (0.00) 54 (1.47) 54 (1.47) 37 (1.01) 72 (1.96) 27 (0.74) 05 (0.14) 141 (3.84) 00 (0.00) 17 (0.46) 17 (0.46) 43 (1.17) 61 (1.66) 04 (0.11) 02 (0.05) 110 (3.00) 05 (0.14) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 03 (0.98) 09 (0.25)

46 (1.25) 05 (0.14) 07 (0.19) 08 (0.22) 16 (0.44) 12 (0.33) 94 (2.56) 47 (1.28) 01 (0.03) 21 (0.57) 13 (0.35) 09 (0.25) 91 (2.48) 21 (0.57) 04 (0.11) 04 (0.11) 07 (0.19) 02 (0.05) 07 (0.19) 03 (0.08) 02 (0.05) 05 (0.14) 08 (0.22) 63 (1.72) 00 (0.00) 05 (0.14) 05 (0.14) 10 (0.27) 22 (0.60) 187 (5.10) 43 (1.17) 08 (0.22) 260 (7.08) 01 (0.03) 18 (0.49) 19 (0.52) 192 (5.23) 142 (3.87) 11 (0.30) 50 (1.36) 395 (10.76) 22 (0.60) 05 (0.14) 02 (0.05) 00 (0.00) 11 (0.30) 10 (0.27)

78 (2.13) 08 (0.22) 03 (0.08) 22 (0.60) 25 (0.68) 33 (0.90) 169 (4.60) 58 (1.58) 02 (0.05) 56 (1.53) 01 (0.03) 08 (0.22) 125 (3.41) 27 (0.74) 16 (0.44) 01 (0.03) 06 (0.16) 07 (0.19) 59 (1.61) 19 (0.52) 17 (0.46) 26 (0.71) 40 (1.09) 218 (7.66) 00 (0.00) 08 (0.22) 00 (0.00) 08 (0.22) 12 (0.33) 42 (1.14) 74 (2.02) 14 (0.38) 142 (3.87) 02 (0.05) 36 (0.98) 38 (1.04) 201 (5.48) 158 (4.31) 18 (0.49) 86 (2.34) 463 (1262) 12 (0.33) 48 (1.31) 07 (0.19) 02 (0.05) 13 (0.35) 14 (0.38)

165

191 (5.21) 019 (0.52) 023 (0.63) 030 (0.82) 063 (1.72) 049 (1.34) 375 (10.22) 122 (3.32) 003 (0.08) 081 (2.21) 023 (0.63) 017 (0.46) 246 (6.70) 048 (1.31) 020 (0.54) 005 (0.14) 013 (0.35) 009 (0.25) 066 (1.80) 022 (0.60) 019 (0.52) 031 (0.84) 048 (1.31) 281 (7.66) 003 (0.08) 013 (0.35) 059 (1.61) 072 (1.96) 071 (1.93) 301 (6.20) 144 (3.92) 027 (0.74) 543 (14.80) 003 (0.08) 071 (1.93) 074 (2.02) 436 (11.88) 361 (9.84) 033 (0.90) 138 (3.76) 968 (26.38) 039 (1.06) 053 (1.44) 009 (0.25) 002 (0.05) 027 (0.73) 033 (0.90)

M. Tarafder and M. A. Samad

Table 1. Contd. S/N Name of clinical diseases and conditions

Up to 6 months

7 – 36 months

No. (%)

No. (%)

No. (%)

17 (0.46) 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) 02 (0.05) 00 (0.00) 02 (0.05) 04 (0.11) 39 (1.06) 01 (0.03) 06 (0.16) 00 (0.00) 50 (1.36) 54 (1.48) 07 (0.19) 00 (0.00) 28 (0.76) 04 (0.11) 32 (0.87) 08 (0.22) 07 (0.19)

50 (1.36) 31 (0.84) 24 (0.65) 09 (0.25) 02 (0.05) 66 (1.80) 18 (0.49) 21 (0.57) 02 (0.05) 11 (0.30) 05 (0.14) 57 (1.55) 39 (1.06) 03 (0.08) 01 (0.03) 62 (1.69) 07 (0.19) 70 (1.91) 32 (0.87) 11 (0.30)

96 (2.62) 55 (1.50) 53 (1.44) 08 (0.22) 05 (0.14) 121 (3.30) 86 (2.34) 25 (0.68) 04 (0.11) 18 (0.49) 10 (0.27) 143 (3.90) 22 (0.60) 02 (0.05) 25 (0.68) 93 (2.53) 08 (0.22) 126 (3.43) 81 (2.21) 12 (0.33)

163 (4.44) 086 (2.34) 077 (2.10) 019 (0.52) 007 (0.19) 189 (5.15) 108 (2.94) 085 (2.32) 007 (0.19) 035 (0.95) 015 (0.41) 250 (6.81) 115 (3.13) 012 (0.33) 026 (0.71) 183 (4.99) 019 (0.52) 228 (6.210 121 (3.30) 030 (0.82)

644 (17.55)

1260 (34.33)

1766 (48.12)*

3670 (100)

IX Ear and eye diseases 1 Haematuria 2 Urinary tract infection 3 Cystitis 4 Nephritis X. Urinary disorders 1 Arthritis 2 Accidental wounds 3 Nail injury 4 Lameness 5 Pus in antrum XI. Musculoskeletal disorders XII. Metabolic and nutritional diseases XIII. Poisoning 1 Mastitis (Mammitis) 2 Dermatitis 3 Alopecia XIV Skin disorders XV Fungal diseases (Dematomycosis) XVI Abscess Overall

> 36 months

Total No. (%)

*significantly (p 0.05) highest rate of infection was recorded in dogs above 36 months (2.02%) in comparison to 7 to 36 months (1.17%) and up to 6 months (0.74%) age groups of dogs (Table 1). However, the higher rate of echinococcosis has been reported in stray dogs in Bangladesh and elsewhere (Gusbi, 1987; Molan and Saida, 1989). These results support the earlier reports on the occurrence of Echinococcus granulosus of dogs in Bangladesh (Islam, 1980 and 1983). Taneniasis was diagnosed by demonstration of the characteristic Taenia eggs in the stool of 0.74% pet dogs (Table 1) and all the investigated 11 breeds of pet dogs had infection with this tapeworm (Table 2). No seasonal influence was observed on the prevalence of Taenia parasites in pet dogs. These observations support the earlier reports on taeniasis of street dogs in Bangladesh (Karim et al., 1981). These findings on the occurrence of heminthiasis in pet dogs support the earlier report on the incidence of helminth parasites of zoonotic significance in street dogs in some districts of Bangladesh (Rahman, 1973) and elsewhere (Anene, 1996; Menelaos and Smaragda, 2006; Katagiri and Oliveira-Sequeira, 2008). Protozoan diseases Canine babesiosis is caused by two types of organisms, Babesia canis (large form) and Babesia gibsoni (small form), cause sudden destruction of erythrocytes known as acute hemolyic anemia in dogs. Only three cases (0.08%) of clinical babesiosis were recorded in pet dogs, of which two (0.05%) cases in dogs above 36 months groups, one case (0.03%) in dogs aged between 7 to 36 months but none in the age group below 6 months old groups (Table 1) which are confirmatory to the earlier reports (Samad, 2008). However, the higher prevalence rate of canine babesiosis has been reported elsewhere (Kumar et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2009; Amuta et al., 2010). 168

Clinical diseases and conditions of pet dogs Table 2. Breed-wise prevalence of clinical diseases and/or conditions of pet dogs S/N Diseases

German Local shepherd

1 Diarrhea 23 2 Pharyngitis 03 3 Stomatitis 04 4 Anal gland disease 07 5 Liver disease 12 6 Dental disorders 09 I Digestive disorders 58 1 Asp. pneumonia 22 2 Sinusitis 01 3 Bronchitis 11 4 Pneumonia 11 5 Purulent cough 07 II Respiratory disor. 52 1 Posthitis 07 06 2. Transmissible1 3. Spaying 00 4 Orchitis 01 5 Metritis 01 6 Infertility 12 7 Paraphimosis 05 8 Phimosis 02 9 Dystocia 11 10 Uterine prolapse 10 III Genital disorders 55 IV Tetanus 00 1 Rabies 05 2 Canine distemper 08 V Viral diseases 13 1 Toxocariasis 09 2 Ancylostomiasis 51 3 Echinococcosis 26 4 Taeniasis 03 VI. Heminthiasis 89 1 Babesiosis 01 2 Coccidiosis 17 VII Protozoan diseases 18 1 Tick infestation 112 2 Flea infestation 120 3 Lice infestation 15 4 Mites (Mange) 30 VIII. Arthropods 277 1 Ottorrhea 15 2 10 2 Protrusion of 3 Cataract 01 4 Glaucoma 01 5 Otitis 16 6 Conjunctivitis 03 IX Ear and eye dis. 46 1 Haematuria 29 2 Urinary infection 04 3 Cystitis 03 4 Nephritis 01 X. Urinary disorders 37 1 Arthritis 14 2 Accidental wounds 21 3 Nail injury 03 4 Lameness 15 5 Pus in antrum 00

21 02 02 11 08 19 63 46 01 21 07 05 80 27 07 01 04 02 27 10 04 09 32 123 01 06 05 11 12 103 76 09 200 01 19 20 184 103 09 67 370 16 23 05 01 00 08 53 43 29 07 02 197 47 33 02 05 08

Dober- Samman oyed

Lhasa- Poodle GreyApso hound

Boxer

Spaniel Dach- Spitz Total shunds No. (%)

08 03 02 05 10 01 29 09 00 15 01 01 26 06 03 00 01 00 01 01 00 01 00 13 00 01 03 04 08 33 06 01 48 00 00 00 19 15 00 02 36 03 01 00 00 01 07 12 05 02 01 01 21 10 02 00 02 02

16 02 01 01 06 02 28 00 00 09 01 00 10 02 01 01 02 01 06 01 04 04 00 22 02 00 07 09 06 06 07 03 22 01 10 11 33 21 01 10 65 01 07 00 00 02 05 15 01 21 02 00 24 08 12 00 05 00

17 01 01 00 01 03 23 01 00 01 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 03 00 04 00 00 02 02 01 03 02 01 07 00 00 00 08 02 00 02 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 07 00 04 00

17 00 03 00 02 09 31 09 00 05 00 01 15 00 02 00 00 01 00 00 03 00 00 06 00 00 08 08 08 07 03 01 19 00 03 03 09 01 05 00 15 01 01 00 00 03 03 08 01 00 00 00 01 01 01 00 01 00

12 01 01 03 07 04 28 00 00 02 01 01 04 01 00 01 02 01 03 01 01 02 00 12 00 00 05 05 07 32 05 04 48 00 05 05 14 26 01 07 48 01 04 00 00 00 02 07 00 11 03 01 25 07 03 00 03 00

08 01 03 00 04 01 17 18 00 03 02 01 24 00 00 01 01 00 03 00 02 00 00 07 00 00 02 02 02 17 01 01 21 00 00 00 07 06 00 00 13 02 00 01 00 01 04 08 02 01 00 00 03 06 02 01 00 00

169

25 01 01 01 07 01 36 10 00 08 00 01 19 03 01 01 02 01 11 04 03 00 00 32 00 00 06 06 05 21 04 01 31 00 09 09 24 23 01 04 52 00 07 02 00 00 01 10 05 07 01 00 13 02 04 01 00 01

13 01 04 01 03 00 22 07 01 04 00 00 12 01 00 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 09 09 10 19 13 02 44 00 08 08 17 39 00 15 71 00 00 00 00 01 00 01 00 01 01 01 03 03 00 00 00 00

31 04 01 01 03 00 40 00 00 02 00 00 02 01 00 00 00 02 01 00 00 01 00 05 00 01 04 05 03 09 01 01 14 00 00 00 09 05 01 01 16 00 00 00 00 03 00 03 00 01 01 01 03 09 00 00 00 04

191 (5.20) 019 (0.52) 023 (0.63) 030 (0.82) 063 (1.72) 049 (1.34) 375 (10.22) 122 (3.32) 003 (0.08) 081 (2.21) 023 (0.63) 017 (0.46) 246 (6.70) 048 (1.31) 020 (0.54) 005 (0.14) 013 (0.35) 009 (0.25) 066 (1.80) 022 (0.60) 019 (0.52) 031 (0.84) 048 (1.31) 281 (7.66) 003 (0.08) 013 (0.35) 059 (1.61) 072 (1.96) 071 (1.93) 301 (8.20) 144 (3.92) 027 (0.74) 543 (14.80) 003 (0.08) 071 (1.93) 074 (2.02) 436 (11.88) 361 (9.84) 033 (0.90) 138 (3.75) 968 (26.38) 039 (1.06) 053 (1.44) 009 (0.25) 002 (0.05) 027 (0.74) 033 (0.90) 163 (4.44) 086 (2.34) 077 (2.10) 019 (0.52) 007 (0.19) 189 (5.15) 108 (2.94) 085 (2.32) 007 (0.19) 035 (0.95) 015 (0.41)

M. Tarafder and M. A. Samad

Table 2. Contd. S/N Diseases

German Local shepherd

XI. Musculoskeletal3 XII. Metabolic4 XIII. Poisoning 1 Mastitis 2 Dermatitis 3 Alopecia XIV Skin disorders XV Dematomycosis XVI Abscess

53 42 06 03 53 07 63 17

95 19 04 07 49 05 61 49

Dober- Samman oyed

Lhasa- Poodle GreyApso hound

Boxer

Spaniel Dach- Spitz Total shunds No. (%)

16 03 00 04 21 01 26 10

25 11 01 05 14 01 20 09

12 08 01 00 01 01 02 00

03 03 00 00 02 02 04 07

13 11 00 01 17 00 18 03

09 03 00 02 04 01 07 02

08 07 00 01 12 00 13 20

03 01 00 03 07 00 10 03

13 07 00 00 03 01 04 01

250 (6.81) 105 (3.13) 012 (0.33) 026 (0.71) 183 (4.99) 019 (0.52) 228 (60.21) 121 (3.30)

Overall 827* 1224* 233 229 278 117 261 73 124 191 113 3670 (100) 1 Transmissible venereal tumor, 2Protrusion of the eyeball, 3Musculoskeletal disorders, 4Metabolic and nutritional deficiency diseases *Significantly (p 0.05) higher prevalence in dogs above 36 months (2.34%) in comparison to aged between 7 to 36 months (1.36%) and up to 6 months (0.05%) age groups (Table 1). However, higher prevalence rate of fleas and mange mites have been reported elsewhere (Rodriguez-Vivas et al., 2003; Durden et al., 2005) who reported Demodex canis (23.0%) as a most frequent mite, followed by Sarcoptes scabei var canis (7.0%) and Otodectes cynotis (3.5%) in Mexico. Seasonal frequency of ectoparasites infestations has also been reported (Shoorijeh et al., 2008).

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M. Tarafder and M. A. Samad

Ear and eye diseases Protrusion of the eyeball was recorded in 53 (1.44%) cases of pet dogs and its incidence was significantly (p < 0.01) highest in above 36 months old dogs (1.31%; n = 48 ) in comparison to 7 to 36 months (0.14%; n = 5) and up to 6 months (0.0%; n = 0) old groups of dogs (Table 1). Protrusion of the eyeball from its socket is usually the result of direct violence received in fighting. This occasionally happens from the bite of a larger dog, and eye is forced out of the socket and the lid contracts around it and prevents its return. Cataract formation is one of the most prevalent eye diseases in the dog population and this study recorded 9 (0.25%) cases of cataract in pet dogs, and its occurrence was significantly highest in above 36 months old dogs (0.19 ; n = 9) in comparison to young dogs aged between 7 to 36 months (0.05% ; n = 2) whereas it was not recorded in growing dogs up to 6 months of age (Table 1). These results are in conformity with the earlier findings of Williams et al. (2004) and Gelatt and Mackay (2005) who reported the age-related cataract in the dogs. Of the 11 breeds of dogs examined, of which only four breeds had cataract which include German shepherd (0.03%), Local (0.14%), Poodle (0.03%) and Greyhound (0.05%). This observation supports the reports of Williams et al. (2004), Gelatt and Mackay (2005) and Kraijer-Huver et al. (2008) who reported that the prevalence of cataract is influenced by age, breeds and genetic status of animals. Glaucoma is the abnormally high pressure in the eye. Inside the normal eye there is constant production and drainage of a watery fluid called aqueous humor. When there is a problem with the drainage of the fluid, the pressure within the eye can increase, and high pressure causes damage to the optic nerve, which in turn, causes vision loss. During this study period only two cases (0.05%) of glaucoma were recorded in old dogs aged above 36 months (Table 1). However, glaucoma may be classified as primary and secondary. Primary glaucoma occurs without previous trauma or ocular disease and will eventually affect both eyes. Secondary glaucoma is a consequence of some other disease, such as ocular inflammation, lens dislocation, intraocular tumors or trauma. Otitis is an inflammation of the ear and it is one of the most frequent condition occur in dogs, which has been recorded in 27 (0.73%) pet dogs and all age groups are shown to be susceptible with this condition (Table 1). The main causes associated with canine otitis have been reported as allergies such as inhalant allergy and food allergy, parasites such as ear mites, endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism, auto-immune diseases like lupus and tumors. Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the conjunctiva recorded in 33 (0.90%) cases of pet dogs and it was found in all age groups of dogs (Table 1). Urinary diseases Haematuria (n = 86), urinary tract infection (n = 77), cystitis (n = 19) and nephritis (n = 7) were recorded in pet dogs. Although the prevalence of urinary tract disease was found significantly (p < 0.01) highest in dogs above 36 months old (3.30%; n = 121) in comparison to growing dogs up to 6 months (0.05%; n = 2) and young dogs between 7 to 36 months (1.80%; n = 66) age groups (Table 1). Musculo-skeletal disorders Among the prevalence of musculoskeletal conditions, arthritis (2.94%) was found highest, followed by accidental wound (2.32%), lameness (0.95%), pus in antrum (0.41%) and lowest as nail injury (0.19%). Metabolic and nutritional deficiency diseases Both metabolic (1.36%) and nutritional deficiency (1.77%) diseases were recoded in pet dogs (Table 1) but the specific etiology and types are not evaluated in this clinical study. However, diabetes mellitus, cushing’s disease, addison’s disease, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism and eclampsia are the reported metabolic disorders in canines. Poisoning Twelve (0.33%) suspected poisoning cases were recorded in dogs, of which 0.19% in up to 6 months old, 0.08% aged between 7 to 36 months and 0.05% in above 36 months old groups of dogs (Table 1). Skin diseases Skin diseases were recorded in 6.21% pet dogs which include mammitis (0.71%), dermatitis (4.99%) and alopecia (0.52%). The overall prevalence of skin diseases was recorded highest in dogs above 36 months (3.43%), followed by 7 to 36 months (1.91%) and lowest in dogs up to 6 months (0.87%) aged groups (Table 1). 172

Clinical diseases and conditions of pet dogs Alopecia is the complete or partial lack of hair in any area of the skin where hair would normally be found. It may be caused by self-trauma by scratching or chewing hair follicle diseases that cause the hair to fall out or the failure of hair to grow after normal loss. Fungal diseases Dermatomycosis (ringworm) was diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings and microscopic examination of the scrapings of the skin lesions and 3.30% dogs were found to be affected with ringworm, and all age groups are found susceptible to this disease (Table 1). In the past, because of the circular lesions made by the fungi they were thought to be caused by worms, hence the name ringworm. The main six clinical signs may be used for the field diagnosis of ringworm which include: (a) A hairless, small, round lesion has formed on the dog, (b) The skin in the center of the lesion has become scaly, (c) Small pustules form on the surface of the sore, (d) The lesion may start out small but can continue to grow, (e) The sore may or may not be itchy and (f) Lesions are most common on the head, but may also form on the legs, tail and feet. The present study provides the first systematic assessment on quantitative estimates of clinical diseases and conditions in 11 breeds of pet dogs of Bangladesh. The results show that ectoparasites and intestinal helminth species are widely prevalent health problems in dogs. The parasites recorded in this study have been previously documented in dogs throughout the world (Samad, 2008) including Bangladesh (Samad, 2000), with a pronounced difference in prevalence and density among the regions. Considering the high prevalence of ectoparasites and intestinal helminth infections found in dogs, and the close bonds in which dogs live together with people, the risk of transmission of these parasites to humans seems to be obviously high. It may be concluded that pet owners should care more for their pets by proper housing, feeding and prevention of contamination of dogs. Interventions should include health education provided to dog owners and the establishment of a program focusing on zoonotic diseases especially to educate the public on the health hazards posed by indiscriminate disposal of dog feces and on responsible pet ownership. AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors extended thanks to Dr. Md. Mostafizur Rahman, Veterinary Officer, Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka for cooperation and help during conducting research work in the CVH, Dhaka. REFERENCES 1. Amuta EU, Alu BO, Houmsou RS and Ayashar JG (2010). Rhipicephalus sanguineus infestation and Babesia canis infection among domestic dogs in Makurdi, Benue State-Nigeria. International Journal Academic Research 2 : 170 – 172. 2. Anderson M and Sevelins E (2008). Breed, sex and age distribution in dogs with chronic liver disease: a demographic study. Journal of Small Animal Practice 32: 1-5. 3. Anene BM, Nnaji TO and Chime AB (1996). Intestinal parasitic infections of dogs in the Nsukka area of Enugu, Nigeria. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 27 : 89-94. 4. Bari ASM, Dewan ML and Hasan Q (1983). Origin of the transmissible canine venereal tumor of dog on the basis of histopathology and histochemistry. Bangladesh Veterinary Journal 17 : 29-33. 5. Biswas HR, Hoque MM, Samad MA and Rahman A (1996). Prevalence of inapparent rabies infection in street dogs. Bangladesh Veterinarian 13 : 29-31. 6. Dada BJO, Adegboye DS and Mohammaed ANA (1979). A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of stray dogs in Zaria Negeria. Veterinary Record 104: 145-146. 7. Dohoo IR, McDonell WN, Rhodes CS and Elazhary YL (1998). Veterinary research and human health. Candian Veterinary Journal 39 : 549-556. 8. Durden LA, Judy TN, Martin JE and Spedding LS (2005). Fleas parasitizing domestic dogs in Georgia, USA: Species composition and seasonal abundance. Veterinary Parasitology 130 : 157-162. 9. Freeman LM, Abood SK, Fascetti AJ, Fleeman LM, Michel KE, Laflamme DP, Bauer C, Kemp BLE, Doren JRV and Willoughby KN (2006). Disease prevalence among dogs and cats in the United States and Australia and proportions of dogs and cats that receive therapeutic diets or dietary supplements. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 229 : 531-534. 10. Gelatt KN and Mackay EO (2005). Prevalence of primary breed-related cataracts in the dog in North America. Veterinary Ophthalmology 8 : 101-111. 11. Gusbi AM (1987). Echinococcosis in Libya. I. Prevalence of Echinicoccus granulosus in dogs with particular reference to the role of the dog in Lybyan Society. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 81: 29–34. 173

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