2/29/16 Prinsip Etik Penelitian pada Hewan Coba Wienta Diarsvitri, dr, M.Sc, Ph.D Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FK U...
2/29/16
Prinsip Etik Penelitian pada Hewan Coba Wienta Diarsvitri, dr, M.Sc, Ph.D Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FK UHT
[email protected] 081316834913 2/28/16
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Tujuan Perkuliahan Memahami perlunya etik penelitian pada hewan coba n Memahami dasar-dasar etik penelitian pada hewan coba n Memahami proses kaji etik pada hewan coba n
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Penggunaan Hewan oleh Manusia Bahan makanan n Bahan pakaian n Transportasi n Olahraga n Pertunjukan n Hewan peliharaan n Penelitian n
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Hak Asasi Manusia Hak asasi manusia: hak yang melekat pada diri manusia sejak manusia lahir yang tidak dapat diganggu gugat dan bersifat tetap. n Contoh: n
n Hak
untuk hidup n Hak mendapatkan keamanan, pendidikan, pekerjaan n Hak untuk mengekspresikan diri 2/28/16
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Hak Dasar Hewan "The question is not, can they reason? nor, can they talk? but, can they suffer?" Jeremy Bentham 1789. Introduction to the Principles of Morals & Legislation.
South Cloisters of the main building of UCL © Imperial College London
Pro dan Kontra
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Penggunaan hewan coba untuk penelitian Penggunaan hewan untuk penelitian memiliki sejarah panjang. Dahulu peneliti secara brutal membunuh hewan dan memberi mereka penyakit yang menyakitkan. n Penggunaan hewan coba untuk penelitian medis pertama kali dimulai pada abad 3 SM di Yunani ketika seorang dokter bernama Galen melakukan pembedahan pada babi dan kambing. n
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Penggunaan hewan coba untuk penelitian n
Tahun 1822 hukum perlindungan hewan pertama dibuat dan dipromosikan oleh Charles Darwin yang terkenal dengan teori evolusi.
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Kontra Penggunaan Hewan Coba untuk Penelitian Hewan memiliki hak asasi n Hewan memiliki hak untuk hidup dengan bebas tanpa penderitaan dan eksploitasi n Hewan bukan milik kita yang bisa kita gunakan untuk: n
n Makanan,
pakaian, ditelantarkan n Pertunjukan, penelitian 2/28/16
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Isu kontroversial
In 1997 Dr Jay Vacanti and his team grew an ear on the back of a mouse
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Pro Hewan Coba n
Beberapa keuntungan dengan penggunaan hewan coba dalam penelitian: n Umur
harapan hidup manusia meningkat n Lebih murah dan lebih aman daripada menggunakan manusia secara langsung n Obat, vaksin dan prosedur pembedahan baru telah digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup hewan coba 2/29/16
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Hewan coba: ya atau tidak?
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n
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Hewan coba yang digunakan untuk penelitian sudah sangat banyak. Apa tanggung jawab kita?
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http://www.sfcaustralia.com/vivisection.htm
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Mus musculus rat 18
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REPLACEMENT
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REFINEMENT
Principles of research on animal 3Rs (Russel & Burch, 1959)
REDUCTION
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Reduction n
Reducing the number of animals used in experiments by: n Improving
experimental techniques n Improving techniques of data analysis n Sharing information with other researchers (avoid duplication of work)
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Refinement n
Refining the experiment or the way the animals are cared for so as to reduce their suffering by: n Using
less invasive techniques n Better medical care n Better living conditions
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Replacement n
Replacing experiments on animals with alternative techniques such as: n Experimenting
on cell cultures instead of
whole animals n Using computer models
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What happened to the animals after the testing? Scientists find that releasing the animals after the testing can be dangerous so after the testing, outcome positive or negative, the animals have to be euthanized to prevent a new disease forming and the chance people dying. There are strict rules at all institutes that have animal testing, some as simple as not taking the animals home and some as complex as long applications on every test that a scientist performs. Wienta
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Peraturan tentang Kesejahteraan Hewan Peraturan yang mengatur seluruh kegiatan penggunaan hewan n Isi: n
n Hewan
coba bisa digunakan dalam penelitian hanya jika benar-benar diperlukan n Jika hewan coba digunakan dalam penelitian, maka hewan coba harus diperlakukan secara manusiawi 2/29/16
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Syarat Penggunaan Hewan Coba dalam Penelitian Jika tidak ada alternatif lain n Penelitian baru (bukan penelitian duplikasi) n Penelitian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan manusia atau hewan n
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Syarat Penggunaan Hewan Coba dalam Penelitian Peneliti wajib meminimalkan nyeri, stress dan kondisi yang tidak nyaman bagi hewan coba n Menggunakan obat anti nyeri (sedatif, analgesik, anestesi) n Proses transportasi tidak boleh menyebabkan stress bagi hewan coba n Kondisi lingkungan / pengandangan harus bersih dan sesuai untuk hewan coba n
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Pengandangan untuk hewan coba Berat Badan (g)
Luas lantai / hewan coba (inchi 2)
Tinggi (inchi)
< 10
6
5
10 – 15
8
5
> 15 - 25
12
5
> 25
> 15
5
< 100
17
7
100 - 200
23
7
MICE
RATS
dst Sumber: Guide for Care & Use of Laboratory Animals
Kaji Etik Penelitian pada Hewan Coba Tujuan penelitian n Kerangka konseptual n Metode penelitian n
n Desain
penelitian (post-test, pretest post-test) n Besar sampel (diminimalkan tapi masih valid) n Tahap pra perlakuan n Tahap perlakuan n Tahap pasca perlakuan (euthanasia, karkas) 2/29/16
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Cosmetic testing The first cosmetic testing started in 1933 when a woman used eyelash darkener and the chemicals burnt at her eyes causing blindness and eventually killed her. n In 1938 the first cosmetic animal testing started to stop civilian deaths from some substances. Now drugs, cosmetics and even foods are tested on animals to prevent the deaths of other humans and even animals. n
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Cosmetic animal testing Cosmetic animal testing is when untested products are put into the eyes, mouth or nose of an animal to record the affects. n Cosmetic testing is a very controversial topic because people don’t think that there is a need for it when people are not dying from big diseases such as malaria like there is in third world countries. n
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Why do scientists test on animal? People test on animals to record the damage to the animal’s nose, eyes or mouth from the cosmetic. n The animals are tested on to prevent the damage to a human if the same substance is put on the human. n In the past people have had untested cosmetics on their faces or bodies and have died from a result of the drug. n
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What tests are used on the animals? Two of the most common tests are the Draize, named after Dr John Draize, and the LD50. n The Draize test is when a substance is dropped directly into an animal eye (normally an albino rabbit) and the results are recorded. n The LD50 tests stands for Lethal Dose 50 and it is when a substance is force fed to animals until 50% die. n
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Cosmetics with animal testing Cosmetic testing usually takes place in a company’s science lab or away labs paid for by big companies who don’t have the facilities. n Many cosmetic companies are notorious for using animals when testing their substances. n
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Cosmetics without animal testing As time has gone on big brands have turned to other ways of testing. n Companies that do not use animal testing put a logo for Logo for no animals tested not tested on animals n
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Medical testing To test non-pharmaceutical products, e.g., toxicity tests for chemical products, such as pesticides n To test pharmaceuticals (in vivo tests), e.g., new drugs and vaccines (stage 2) n To investigate animal behaviour, e.g., stress copying mechanisms n For medical purposes, e.g., research on cancer, AIDS, and xenotransplantation n
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Medical testing n
Some experiments cannot be performed on humans or are better performed on animals
n
Useful (perhaps, necessary) for present & future medical advancements: treatment for rabies (dogs, rabbits); rickets (dogs); leprosy (monkeys, armadillos); etc. n prevention of diphtheria (horses); polio (rabbits); rubella (monkeys); measles (monkeys) n discovery of insulin (dogs); modern anaesthesia (dogs); DNA (mice & rats) n development of laparoscopic surgical techniques (pigs); open heart surgery (dogs); etc. n
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Schweitzer’s Definition of a Scientist: “The scientist must have the hands of craftsman, head of a philosopher and a heart that realizes that we are living things in the midst of other living things.”
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Daftar Pustaka n
APA Council of Representatives. 2012. Guidelines for ethical conduct in the care and use of nonhuman animals in research. http:// www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines.aspx
Festing, S., and Wilkinson, R. 2007. The ethics of animal research. EMBO reports 8(6): 526-30. n Perry, P. 2007. The ethics of animal research: a UK perspective. ILAR Journal 48(1): 42-46. n Rowans, A.N. 1997. The benefits and ethics of animal research. Scientific American: 79-93. n
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