Teori & Sejarah Desain Arsitektur 1 | Byzantine Empire | Middle Ages

2.1 geometri (dan struktur) sebagai (dasar) pembentuk ruang arsitektur

teori & sejarah desain arsitektur 1

4a arsitektur romanesk

setiadi sopandi

middle ages from the fall of roman empire 5th century

to early modern/ renaissance period 16th century

early middle ages (3rd-10th century) the rise of christianity “migration period” – wandering invading “barbarians” gradual rejection of classical antiquity abolition of republic rising monarchy “germanization” – “barbarianization” the rise of islam the disruption of mediteranean & land trade routes western & eastern roman empire pre-romanesque, early christian, carolingian, merovingian, ottonian, asturian architecture byzantine architecture high middle ages (10th-13th century) german empire - holy roman empire robust population increase powerful roman catholic church & the crusades romanesque & gothic cathedral architecture scholasticism & monasticism the great famine the black death late middle ages (13th-15th century) the great schism (the fall of catholic church) renewed interest in classical antiquity the capture of constantinople by ottoman age of exploration (america, india, africa) early global/ colonial economy ~ merchant class rising urbanisation humanism gothic architecture

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the rise of christianity 0 – 4th century

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early christian symbolism ichtus as secret code

catacombs

christian symbolism during constantine

greek inscription x = chi p = rho “kris-tos” “pax” “pax romana”

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marble sacred cross

coptic cross

knossos, crete

symbolizes the four nails used in christ’ crucifixion

emperor diocletian split roman empire in 285 ankh egyptian symbol of life

constantine caesar converted into christian in 313

used in christian context as

constantine refounded byzantium as constantinople in 330

‘crux ansata’ (handled cross)

4th century

western roman empire rome

eastern roman empire constantinople

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“the cross”

latin cross

greek cross

crux ordinaria

4th century

western roman empire

eastern roman empire

rome

constantinople

latin cross crux ordinaria

western roman empire rome

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apse

romanesque architecture 9th – 13th century

chancel

altar

karl agung/ charles/ charlemagne crowned in 25 dec 800 by pope leo III holy roman empire

transept

crossing

transept

to re-established old western roman empire aachen as the capital

monasticism nave

monasteries as living communities monasteries as seats of power sometimes had bodies of secular clergy

feudalism & the crusades building and re-building of churches saints pilgrimage

apse ‘absis’ ‘apsis’ ‘arch’ ‘vault’ semicircular recess covered with hemispherical vault often in raised platform covering the sanctuary subsidiary apses with altar/ throne function as tribunes/ focus of iconography

apse

nave ‘navis’ (latin) ‘naval’ ‘ship’ central approach to the altar

apse

altar nave

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developments

apse

apse apse transept apse

nave nave aisle

aisle

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apse

transept

nave aisle

eastern apse secondary apses

secondary apses apsidioles

apse

aisle

developments

ambulatory

choir/ quire choir/ quire

towers

western apse

developments

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developments

eastern apse

western apse

developments bell tower chancel ‘cancelli’ (latin) ~ lattice restricted to priests open to choir

apse

secondary apse

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general characteristics contained sombre weighty strong

general characteristics contained sombre weighty strong

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senanque abbey 1148 provence, france

senanque abbey

senanque abbey

fleche

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monastery of st. gall, 820, switzerland

angouleme cathedral, st. pierre vaulting evolution ~ spatial development

barrel vault

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vaulting evolution ~ spatial development

barrel vault

barrel vault

barrel vault

barrel vault

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bentuk denah salib latin pokoknya berkembang di eropa barat!

dicatat selanjutnya dalam sejarah sebagai arsitektur romanik (romanesque), lalu berkembang sebagai arsitektur gotik (gothic) (kuliah selanjutnya)

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